Parallel Structure: Fixing Lists, Comparisons, and Paired Ideas

Parallel structure means expressing ideas of equal function in grammatically comparable forms. It is essential for clear lists, balanced comparisons and polished formal prose.

Lists

Faulty: The role requires analysing data, clear communication, and to manage projects.

Parallel: The role requires analysing data, communicating clearly, and managing projects.

Paired conjunctions

With both…and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, keep the forms aligned.

Faulty: She is not only an excellent researcher but also communicates clearly.

Better: She is not only an excellent researcher but also a clear communicator. Or: She not only researches effectively but also communicates clearly.

Comparisons

Compare like with like. Faulty: The salary of engineers is higher than teachers. Better: The salary of engineers is higher than that of teachers. Even clearer: Engineers earn more than teachers.

Headings and bullet points

Parallelism matters visually as well as grammatically. If one bullet begins with an imperative verb—Define the problem—the next bullets should normally follow the same pattern: Collect the evidence; Evaluate alternatives; Record the decision.

Rhetorical parallelism

At C2, parallelism can create rhythm and emphasis: We need evidence that is transparent, reasoning that is rigorous, and conclusions that are proportionate. The repeated grammar supports the logic.

Do not force symmetry where meaning differs

Parallelism serves meaning. Sometimes different structures are necessary because the ideas play different roles. Editing should improve readability, not turn every sentence into a slogan.

Editing method

Mark coordinated elements with brackets. Identify the grammatical form of the first element—noun phrase, infinitive, -ing clause, finite clause—and check whether the remaining elements match appropriately.